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Associated diseases Fistula in ano [ 3 ] Fistulae occur in approximately 40% of patients with anorectal abscesses. Anorectal fistulae may also be associated with diverticu...
Ulceration and abnormal passages (fistulae) around the back passage (anus). Severe dilatation of the large bowel (colon). This is called toxic megacolon and is more common with ulcerative ...
The future is likely to see an explosion of new surgical techniques as micromechanical techniques merge with technological advances inspired by biology to create new instruments that are more instinct...
H-type fistulae usually present later in infancy as there is no 'blind end' to the oesophagus and the child is able to feed.
Indirect fistulae (dural shunt) can also occur from congenital malformations or spontaneous rupture: there is a connection formed between meningeal branches of the internal or external caroti...
They include cavernous and capillary haemangiomas, arteriovenous fistulae and venous varices. Carotico-cavernous fistula : This occurs when the arterial circulation connects with ...
MRI scans - can show enlarged limb muscles and bones, the extent of the vascular lesion, and the high-flow nature of the vascular malformations. [ 9 , 13 , 14 ] Catheter angiography is used in ...
Pancreatic fistulae. Drugs or toxins: acetazolamide, ammonium chloride. Causes of metabolic alkalosis These include: Vomiting.
Doppler may be useful to assess the persistence, increase or resolution of AV fistulae, as this can influence the decision to observe or to treat. Imaging with ultrasound or MRI is recomme...
High-output fistulae. Shock. In patients who require immediate support but are expected to improve within 1-2 weeks, peripheral vein nutritional support can be given via standard int...
Vascular malformations and fistulae. Sites of aneurysms Cerebral aneurysms [ 1 ] See also the separate Subarachnoid Haemorrhage article.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). [ 10 ] Structural causes Intestinal hurry: Post-gastrectomy Post-vagotomy Gastrojejunostomy The blind loop syndrome in...
Aspiration of fluctuant tender nodes may help to relieve pain but incision and drainage should be avoided, as this may leave scars and fistulae. A minority of patients may, however, require s...
Apart from the incontinence associated with vesicovaginal fistulae in women, or overflow incontinence associated with a distended bladder in chronic retention, the three principal clinical fo...
Anal and perianal lesions (pendulous skin tags, abscesses, fistulae) are characteristic. Mouth ulcers. Extra-intestinal features Clubbing, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosu...
Increased acid load Any cause of lactic acidosis - eg, heart failure, drugs or toxins, inborn errors of metabolism Ketoacidosis due to diabetes, starvation or alcohol excess Parenteral or...
Genital tract malignancy - eg, cancer of the cervix , uterus or ovary. Fistulae. Non-sexually transmitted infection Bacterial vaginosis (BV) - is most commonly seen in sex...
If the oxygen saturation does not increase to above 95% while the patient inhales 100% oxygen then there is likely to be pulmonary intravascular shunting of blood bypassing the alveoli (eg, right-to-l...
It causes fistulae and scarring. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be identified both in the nodes and in the material draining on to the skin surface.
Sepsis and osteomyelitis occasionally occur in severe septic bursitis, particularly if the condition presents late or the diagnosis is not immediately obvious. Fistulae may develop followi...