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Neurological: hypotonia, hypoplasia or aplasia of the cerebellar vermis, occasional occipital meningo-encephalocele, hemifacial spasms and ataxia. Gastrointestinal: duodenal atresia or f...
They do not transilluminate or enlarge when the baby cries (unlike encephalocele). Dermoids may extend into the cranial cavity - assessed with CT/MRI scanning. If infection occurs, it is usua...
Cranial NTDs Anencephaly. Encephalocele (meningocele or meningomyelocele). Congenital dermal sinus. Spinal NTDs Spina bifida .
Central nervous system defects: learning difficulties (these may be as a result of deafness but there may be other structural problems such as hydrocephalus, Arnold-Chiari malformation, occipital ...
Other complications Morning glory disc anomaly may have an associated encephalocele. This may present as pulsating exophthalmos or a mass in the upper lid or nasopharynx. [ 10 ] Facia...
With unilateral lesions, suspect a tumour (and in children, rule out an encephalocele). Foreign body - particularly if there is unilateral, blood-tinged discharge in young children.
Vitamin B12 deficiency predisposes to neural tube defects (such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele) in the fetus. Deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate may cause ineffective pro...