What is Huntington's disease?

Huntington's disease (HD) is named after George Huntington who first described it in 1872. It is an inherited, genetic condition that affects the brain and nervous system. It can interfere with movements of your body, can affect your cognition (your perception, reasoning, awareness, thinking and judgement) and can lead to a change in your behaviour.

What causes Huntington's disease?

HD is caused by a defective gene that you inherit from your parents. This faulty gene is carried on chromosome 4. The gene is responsible for making a protein called huntingtin. The genetic defect means that certain proteins needed to make brain chemicals cannot be made in your brain as normal. It is thought that this leads to damage and death of some of the neurones (brain cells) in particular parts of your brain called the basal ganglia and the cortex. It is this damage that leads to the symptoms of HD. There is also a build up of a chemical called dopamine in the brain which contributes to the movement problems.

HD is an autosomal dominant condition. This means that you can inherit HD from just one of your parents. If one of your parents has a faulty copy of the gene, there is a 50:50 chance that each child that they have will inherit the faulty gene and develop HD.

However, occasionally, someone with HD may not have a history of HD in their family. This may be because of what is called a 'new mutation' or a 'de novo mutation'. A 'new mutation' is a mutation (or a fault) in a gene that is present for the first time in one family member. It can happen because of:

• A fault in the genetic material in either the egg or sperm of one of the affected person's parents, or
• A fault in the genetic material of the embryo (the fertilised egg when the egg and sperm meet).

It is not clear what causes this fault (mutation) to suddenly occur for the first time.

Also, if an individual in your family that is carrying the faulty HD gene dies before their symptoms develop (and therefore before HD is diagnosed), relatives will not be aware of this family history. This can be another reason for a lack of history of HD in your family.

How common is Huntington's disease and who gets it?

HD affects between 5-7 people per 100,000 in the UK. Worldwide, it seems to be more common amongst white populations than amongst Asian or African people. HD affects both men and women equally. It is most common to start to develop the symptoms of HD between the ages of 35-44 years. So, even though you may have inherited the disease, it can take some time to develop the symptoms.

Between 5-10 in 100 people with HD develop the symptoms before they are 20. This is known as 'juvenile onset' HD. It can cause more severe symptoms. Most people who have this type of HD inherit the condition from their father. Those who first develop their symptoms after the age of 20 years, as is the usual case with HD, more commonly inherit the condition from their mother.

What are the symptoms of Huntington's disease?

The symptoms of HD can vary from person to person. Not everyone with HD has the same symptoms or develops every symptom. The symptoms tend to gradually progress and worsen over time.

If HD does not run in your family, it can sometimes take a while for it to be diagnosed. This is because some of the early symptoms can often be overlooked or put down to other problems. For example, subtle changes in your personality or mood swings.

The symptoms of HD can be grouped into three main areas:

• Problems with movement.
• Problems with cognition.
• Mood and behavioural problems.

Problems with movement

The most common movement problem in HD is known as chorea. In fact, until recently, HD was known as Huntington's chorea. Chorea means a jerky, involuntary movement. It tends to particularly affect your head, face, arms or legs. Each movement happens suddenly. In the beginning some people may just think that you are fidgety, but your symptoms tend to gradually worsen. In severe chorea, you can develop uncontrollable flailing (or flinging) of your arms or legs (called ballism). This can interfere with your ability to move around. You may be more likely to fall and have difficulty, for example, feeding or dressing yourself. You may drop things easily.

Over time, as HD progresses, you can develop a movement problem known as dystonia. This tends to gradually replace chorea. Dystonia is where there is spasm in your muscles, usually the muscles of your shoulders, neck, arms and legs. This can lead to twisting movements, repetitive movements, or abnormal postures. You may also notice that over time, your limbs can become quite stiff or rigid and your movements tend to slow down. This slowing of movements is called bradykinesia.

Swallowing problems are common if you have HD. This is because HD can affect the muscles that control your swallowing and the muscles around your mouth. Choking can be a problem, and also difficulty eating means that your can become underweight.

You may notice problems with your speech and your speech can become slurred. Your eye movements may also be affected causing problems looking from side to side or up and down.

Problems with cognition

Your cognition (your perception, reasoning, awareness, thinking and judgement) is closely linked to your behaviour. So, changes in your cognition due to the loss of neurones in your brain can also affect your behaviour (see below).

The first symptoms that you may notice are problems with your short term memory. Lack of concentration, short-term memory lapses and problems with orientation are common. Learning new skills can become difficult.

The slow decline in cognition in HD can is similar to a dementia-type problem.

Mood and behaviour problems

Changes in your behaviour can be one of the first signs of HD. They may come on before your movement is affected. However, in some people, they start after the onset of movement problems.

You may notice that you become irritable, easily agitated, and start to lose interest in things that you previously enjoyed. People may comment that you are becoming untidy and you may start to lose interest in your self-care. For example, washing less frequently, not taking care in your appearance, etc.

Your judgement about things can become affected. You may become aggressive towards people and you can sometimes lose your inhibitions leading to embarrassing behaviour in social situations. The personality changes related to HD can be very difficult for you or your family and friends to deal with. Behavioural changes and anti-social behaviour can put a strain on your relationships. You may find it difficult to accept that your behaviour may be a problem. It is all part of the way that HD affects your brain.

Depressed mood is common in people with HD and there is an increased risk of suicide. In contrast, a euphoric mood may also be one of the symptoms of HD. Other mental health problems including obsessive-compulsive disorder, mania and schizophrenia are also more common in people with HD.

Do I need any investigations?

If you already have symptoms

Genetic testing is available to confirm HD. However, if you already have a family history of HD and you have the typical symptoms and signs of the condition, genetic testing may not be necessary.

A CT or MRI scan of your brain may show some typical signs of HD. However, these scans are not usually helpful when trying to diagnose HD in its early stages as changes may not be present. Scanning is mostly used in the later stages of the disease.

If Huntington's disease runs in your family

If there is HD in your family, it can cause a lot of worry and anxiety as you may be looking out for possible symptoms. If you are at risk of developing HD because of a family history, but you have not yet developed any symptoms, genetic testing is also possible. This is known as pre-symptomatic testing. If you have inherited the defective gene, you will definitely develop symptoms at some point in your life. However, it is not possible to predict when your symptoms will appear.

Whether or not to have genetic testing is a choice for each person as an individual. Some people do not wish to be tested. They would prefer to wait to see if they develop any symptoms. It is recommended that you undergo counselling if you are considering genetic testing. Your GP will be able to refer you to a specialist genetic counsellor.

What is the treatment of Huntington's disease?

At present there is no cure for HD. Also, there is no treatment that has been found to delay the onset of symptoms, or to delay the progression of symptoms. So, treatment is aimed at trying to control symptoms as much as possible when they do develop.

Drug treatments

There are a number of different drugs that can be used to help to treat chorea. A group of drugs known as benzodiazepines are often used first. Examples of these drugs include clonazepam and diazepam. Other drugs including tetrabenazine may also be used. However, all of these drugs have possible side-effects. For example, they can lead to slowing down of your movements (bradykinesia), stiffness or rigidity, depression or sedation. Whether and when to start treatment will depend on striking a balance between benefits and side-effects.

If you have problems with slowing of your movements (bradykinesia) and stiff or rigid limbs, a group of drugs called dopamine agonists may be helpful. Another drug called levodopa is an alternative. These drugs are commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease where there is similar slowing of movements and rigidity.

If you develop depression, antidepressant drugs can be helpful. Drugs are also available to treat some other mental health problems that may be associated with HD.

Other treatments

Most people with HD have a team of health care specialists who work with them. Your GP often co-ordinates your care. Other team members may include a neurologist (a specialist in brain, nerve and muscle problems), a psychiatrist and a genetic counsellor.

You may also be referred to a physiotherapist for help with exercises for your balance and exercises to help you move around more easily. An occupational therapist may be able to help you with any adaptations that you need to make your day-to-day life easier. For example, they can help with adaptations to your home such as wheelchair access, rails, and changes to your bedroom and bathroom.

A speech and language therapist may be able with speech and/or swallowing difficulties. They may be able to teach you different ways of communicating. You may be referred to a dietician if you lose a lot of weight (due to swallowing difficulties and also your movement problems). They can advise about foods that may be easier for you to eat because they involve less chewing. Sometimes swallowing problems can mean that you need to consider having a naso-gastric tube fitted. This is a tube that passes through your nose to your stomach so that food can be delivered to your stomach without you having to swallow.

Possible future treatments

Various new treatments for HD are being studied. They include gene therapy treatments and various drug treatments. For example, trials looking at the effect of the drug coenzyme Q10 in HD are underway. This drug has shown some promise in slowing the progression of HD. However, these treatments are still very much at an experimental level. More research is needed before we will know whether such treatments are helpful for HD.

What is the prognosis (outlook) with Huntington's disease?

HD is a condition that slowly progresses so that you gradually develop more, and worsening, symptoms. In the later stages of HD, you will become totally dependent on other people and require full nursing care. HD leads to considerable disability and, at present, will eventually lead to death.

At present, most people live from between 10 to 25 years after they first develop the symptoms of HD. Someone with HD usually tends to die from an infection such as pneumonia. But remember that new treatments are under investigation. Your specialist and the Huntington's Disease Association will be able to discuss any treatment developments or trial treatments with you.

Can I pass Huntington's disease on to my children?

People with HD often have children before developing symptoms of the disease. If you carry the defective HD gene, for each child that you have, there is a 50:50 chance that they will also have HD. If you or your partner has HD, prenatal testing is available. This can show whether your baby has the defective gene and therefore whether they will develop HD. However, testing is not always 100% accurate.

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is also available if one parent carries the defective gene. This basically involves the couple undergoing IVF-type treatment so that embryos can be tested for HD before they are implanted in the woman's womb. Only embryos without the defective HD gene are implanted.

Genetic counselling and specialist advice is recommended if you or your partner have HD, or if there is HD in either of your families, and you are considering pregnancy.

Further help and information

Huntington's Disease Association

Head office: Neurosupport Centre, Norton Street, Liverpool, L3 8LR
Tel: 0151 298 3298 Web: www.hda.org.uk

Scottish Huntington's Association

St James Business Centre, Suite 135, Linwood Rd., Paisley, PA3 3AT
Tel: 0141 848 0308 Web: www.hdscotland.org

HDBuzz

Web: www.hdbuzz.net
An internet portal for the rapid dissemination of high-quality Huntington's disease (HD) research news to the global community, written in plain language, by HD clinicians and scientists. It covers laboratory and clinical research, with the aim of helping HD people to understand the latest HD science, on their own terms.