Assessment^[6][8]

Components to a follow-up assessment:

• Check effectiveness: is there good symptom control? Is the patient receiving adequate oestrogen? A 3-month trial of HRT is suggested to achieve maximum effect. Where a patient remains symptomatic, consider:
  • Poor absorption - for example, due to bowel disorder.
  • Drug interactions reducing bio-available oestrogen - for example, carbamazepine and phenytoin.
  • Problems with patch adhesion.
  • Incorrect diagnosis - hypothyroidism or diabetes may mimic some features of menopause.
  • Patient expectations may also need to be addressed.
  Altering the HRT product or delivery method may help address some of these problems. The oestrogen dose may need to be increased. For example, vaginal oestrogen cream can be added if urogenital symptoms are poorly controlled.
• Check for side-effects, eg breast tenderness or enlargement, nausea, headaches or bleeding, and manage appropriately (see below under Management of side-effects).
• Check blood pressure and weight.
• Breast examination - only necessary if clinically indicated (based on symptomatic disease, personal or family history) but encourage breast awareness and participation in screening mammography if appropriate for age.
• Pelvic examination - as suggested by patient or family history and includes cervical smear if due and appropriate for age (20-64 years).
• A review and discussion of an individual's risk/benefit ratio concerning HRT should occur at least annually. Explain that some of the risks (eg breast cancer, ovarian cancer) increase with longer duration of HRT. Alternatives to continuing on HRT, including stopping or a trial of an alternative approach for symptom control, should be discussed.
• If appropriate, consider switching from cyclical HRT to continuous combined HRT (see below).

Management of side-effects^[6][8]

Side-effects account for 35% of HRT discontinuations. These may be oestrogen-related (occurring continuously or randomly through a cycle) or progestogen-related (occurring cyclically during progestogen phase).

Oestrogen-related side effects^[6]

These are usually transient and resolve spontaneously with increasing duration of use. Encourage patients to persist with a particular therapy for at least 12 weeks. Side-effects are more likely to occur or be problematic where there has been a longer interval since ovarian failure. Oestrogen-related side-effects include:

• Breast tenderness or enlargement - try a low fat, high carbohydrate diet. Evening primrose oil is no longer recommended.
• Leg cramps - try exercise and calf stretching.
• Nausea and dyspepsia - adjust time of dose, and administer with food.
• Headaches - try transdermal oestrogen, as this may produce more stable oestrogen levels.

For side-effects persisting beyond 12 weeks:

• Reduce the oestrogen dose (though this may limit original menopausal symptom control).
• Change the oestrogen type, ie between estradiol and conjugated oestrogens.
• Change the route of delivery.

Progestogen-related side-effects^[6]

These may be more problematic and are usually connected to the type, duration and dose of progestogen. They include:

• Fluid retention
• Headaches or migraine
• Breast tenderness
• Mood swings and depression
• Acne
• Lower abdominal and back pain

Again encourage perseverance, as symptoms may improve over 3 months. If there is no improvement, strategies include:

• Change of progestogen type.
• Reduce dose (but not below recommended ceiling required for endometrial protection).
• Change route away from oral therapy.
• Reduce duration of therapy - change from a 14-day progestogen to a 12-day monthly sequential replacement regime.
• Reduce frequency, using long-cycle HRT - this is progestogen for 14 days every 3 months (only suitable for women without natural regular cycles).
• Use of continuous combined therapy or tibolone often reduces progestogen-related side-effects with established use (only suitable for postmenopausal women).

Weight gain

This is often given as a major reason why women discontinue HRT but there is no RCT evidence of HRT-induced weight gain.^[6] Reassure that weight gain is common at this time of life and counter with dietary and lifestyle advice.

Bleeding

Monthly sequential preparations should produce regular, predictable and acceptable bleeds starting towards the end, or soon after, the progestogen phase. This pattern may be altered by:

• Non-concordance
• Drug interaction
• Gastrointestinal upset

Breakthrough bleeding is common in the first 3-6 months of continuous combined and long-cycle HRT regimens.

Before changing treatment due to bleeding, always:^[6]

• Perform a full pelvic examination, visualising the cervix.
• Check smears are up-to-date.
• Refer for transvaginal ultrasound to exclude pelvic abnormalities.

Where pelvic pathology is excluded, strategies for tackling bleeding problems include:^[6]

• Heavy or prolonged bleeding - increase dose, duration or type of progestogen. Consider the use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (IUS) combined with oral or transdermal oestrogen.
• Bleeding early in progestogen phase - increase dose or change type of progestogen.
• Painful bleeding - change type of progestogen.
• Irregular bleeding - change regimen or increase progestogen.
• No bleeding - occurs in 5% of women and is due to an atrophic endometrium. Need to exclude pregnancy in perimenopausal women and to ensure compliance with the progestogen element of the HRT regimen.

Switching from cyclical HRT to continuous combined HRT^[6]

Cyclical HRT can be changed to continuous combined HRT when the woman is considered to be postmenopausal. This is generally:

• Women older than 54 (about 80% of women are postmenopausal by this age).
• Women who experienced 6 months of amenorrhoea or had increased follicle-stimulating hormone levels in their mid-40s. Such women are likely to be postmenopausal after taking several years of cyclical HRT.

Stopping HRT^[6]

Menopausal symptoms (hot flushes and sweats) last on average between 2-5 years^[9] but there is considerable individual difference and they may last decades in some women. A trial of withdrawal of HRT should be considered in:

• Those women symptom-free on HRT after 1-2 years.
• Women who have been on HRT for longer than 5 years.
• Women on HRT for premature menopause after the age of 50.

See paragraph about alternatives to HRT at the bottom of the management of menopause article.

Abrupt cessation or gradual withdrawal of HRT?

Little good evidence to guide practice is available. Many women do not notice symptoms even with an abrupt cessation, whilst others revert swiftly to their original problems with hot flushes, sweats and sleep disturbance. Some experts suggest gradual reduction of HRT dose:^[6]

• Oestrogen-only tablets - decrease from 2 mg to 1 mg daily for 1-2 months and then take on alternate days for a further 1-2 months.
• Oestrogen-only patches - gradually reduce patch strength to 25 micrograms daily by reducing a patch strength every month. Half a 25 microgram patch can then be used for a further 1-2 months.
• Cyclical combined tablets - step down to pack containing 1 mg estradiol daily for 1-2 months, then cut the tablet in half for 1-2 months and throw away the unused half. This ensures that the women still gets progestogen.
• Cyclical combined patches - gradually reduce the patch strength as for oestrogen-only patches but ensure use of oestrogen-only patches for just 2 weeks of cycle and combined patches for the next 2 weeks.
• Continuous combined tablets or patches - reduce dose gradually to the lowest strength of tablets or patches and then use half a tablet daily or half a patch for a further 1-2 months.

Vasomotor symptoms frequently recur on stopping HRT and, where severe, restarting treatment may be the most appropriate course of action.