Elbow Joint Replacement

Synonyms: total elbow arthroplasty, endoprosthetic elbow replacement.

Unlike hip and knee joint replacements, which are performed thousands of times per year within the NHS, elbow joint replacement is a more recent and much less common operation. Although the number performed remains small it is regarded as a well established surgical procedure. However not all orthopaedic units will perform this surgery.

The joint consists of two metal stems joined by a metal and plastic hinge. There has been very limited experience with allografts rather than artificial joints.¹

Joint replacement surgery is performed when other interventions, medical and surgical, will not offer a satisfactory outcome. Underlying pathology includes:

• Osteoarthritis.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
• Complex fracture of the elbow, even in the elderly.²
• Severely damaged or torn soft tissues in the elbow resulting in instability.
• Malignancy in or around the elbow.³
• Poor results from previous elbow surgery.

Amongst those who get severe damage to the elbows are haemophiliacs.⁴ Osteoarthritis follows recurrent haemarthrosis. Anyone who has taken blood from a haemophiliac will have noticed that extension of the elbow is usually well short of 180°.

Indication for operation can be summarised as severe pain with radiological changes of joint destruction in the presence of failed conservative treatment. The commonest underlying pathology is RA. Before operation the disease process of the RA should be under control.

This is as for most surgery. PA and lateral X-rays of the joint are required and the usual blood tests are performed. In elderly patients the routine will include chest X-ray and ECG. Haemophiliacs will need appropriate boosting of factor VIII.

• The operation usually takes about one to two hours.
• It is usually performed under general anaesthesia but regional anaesthesia with sedation can be employed.
• An incision is made, usually on the dorsal side, to expose the elbow joint. The surgeon removes the lower end of the humerus and the upper end of the ulna, along with any damaged tissue. The surgeon then drills out a portion of the centre of the humerus and ulna and inserts one stem of the prosthesis into each. Usually, the prosthesis is cemented into place.
• The two stems are joined with the hinge mechanism. The wound is closed, and a bandage is applied to splint the arm for stability. Some surgeons apply a plaster cast with the elbow extended, others with the elbow at 90°. The plaster cast is usually removed at 48 to 72 hours and gentle mobilisation is commenced.

There are risks attached to any form of surgery.

• Haemorrhage.
• Infection.
• Thromboembolism is less common with upper limb surgery.

There are specific risks to this operation:

• Nerve damage during surgery, especially the ulnar nerve.
• Blood vessel damage during surgery.
• Fracture of bone during surgery.
• Dislocation of the prosthesis.
• Loosening of the implant over time.
• Allergic reaction to the implant.
• Fracture of the prosthesis is uncommon but if it occurs, results of revision surgery are reasonably satisfactory.⁶

The patient will stay in hospital for about 3 or 4 days. A splint may be used after surgery to help stabilise the elbow.

• Physiotherapy starts with gentle flexing exercises. Patients who have a splint typically start therapy a few weeks later than those who do not.
• The patient will need help with everyday activities, such as driving, shopping, bathing, meal preparation, and household chores, for up to 6 weeks.
• Some patients may begin to regain function of the elbow as soon as 12 weeks after surgery, although additional recovery can take up to a year.
• The patient should not lift more than about 2.5 kg with the operated arm, even when fully recovered.

In the past there has been criticism of joint replacement surgery because of poor comparisons between the various types of prostheses that are commercially available. Follow up should be for at least 10 years and controlled trials should be performed as for drugs.⁷ There is now a national joint register for England and Wales⁸ but it does not yet include elbow prostheses. This should help to decide if any of the various types of prosthesis are significantly better of worse than others. A comparison of 3 types from Oxford found little to choose between them.⁹ Some of the devices used for elbows have outcomes published for 5 to 10 years¹⁰ or longer.¹¹ Others have none.¹² The most commonly used unlinked prostheses are Kudo and Souter-Strathclyde. The most commonly used linked prostheses are Coonrad-Morrey, Gschwend and Discovery implants. A recent review of the English language literature on total elbow arthroplasties¹³ suggests that linked hinge implants restore a better arc of movement, may return a higher proportion of good and excellent results and may have a lower rate of radiological loosening. The rates of revision of linked hinges and unlinked devices is comparable at a mean follow-up of 5 years.

Elbow replacement surgery relieves pain for most patients. Full benefit is not usually felt until about 6 months after operation.