Indications for lumbar puncture^[1]

For information on performing a lumbar puncture and sampling, see separate article Lumbar Puncture.

• Diagnostic lumbar puncture:
  • Infection, eg meningitis, viral encephalitis, tuberculosis.
  • Demyelinating disorders (including multiple sclerosis).
  • Benign intracranial hypertension - markedly raised opening pressure.
  • Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) - usually performed 12 hours following the onset of headache and if no blood identified on CT scan.
• Therapeutic lumbar puncture:
  • Benign intracranial hypertension.

Analysis

It is helpful to note the appearance of CSF and the opening pressure (normal 10-20 cm H₂O). Samples are usually sent for:

Biochemistry

• Protein - high (>0.4 g/L) levels seen in infection and infiltration disorders (falsely high results are seen if the sample is contaminated with blood). Highly elevated levels (>1 g/L) are seen in Guillain-Barrè syndrome and tuberculous meningitis.
• Glucose - a blood sample for glucose should be taken at the same time as the lumbar puncture. CSF glucose is usually 60-80% of plasma glucose. A reduced level implies there is increased uptake of glucose in the CNS, eg presence of micro-organisms.

Microscopy, culture and sensitivity

• Cell count - white cells with differential (neutrophils and lymphocytes) and red cells. When performing a lumbar puncture, red cells may be present as a result of damage to a blood vessel during the procedure (commonly called a 'bloody tap'). In these instances, the initial CSF is red but this is followed by clearer CSF.
• Gram stain - for bacterial organisms.
• Culture - if appropriate.

Additional investigations

• Xanthochromia - yellow appearance of centrifuged CSF resulting from red cell breakdown products, oxyhaemoglobin and bilirubin and represents a high likelihood of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). This may be visualised by the naked eye but the use of spectrophotometry has superseded this. It is the last of three consecutively obtained samples which is examined.
• Oligoclonal bands - seen in multiple sclerosis and neurosyphilis.
• Virology.
• Cytology - requires larger volumes of CSF than other tests.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), eg for tuberculosis, and viral and partially treated bacterial meningitis.
• Bacterial antigen testing - may be useful if PCR is not available and the patient partially treated.
• India ink staining for cryptococcus.

Cerebrospinal fluid findings in specific scenarios^[1][2][3]

Please note that the following are examples of results and often CSF results do not necessarily 'fit' into a standard set. Thus, CSF results should not be considered alone, but in conjunction with history and examination findings and the results of other investigations. A good example of this is encephalitis - it is possible that the CSF is 'normal' (as defined below) but the clinical presentation and CT scan findings might be highly suggestive, in which case the diagnosis will most likely be encephalitis. 'Normal':

• Clear and colourless appearance.
• Protein level - 0.2-0.4 g/L (neonate <1.7 g/L).
• Glucose level - 60-80% of plasma glucose.
• WCC <5 per mm³ (higher in neonates up to 20 per mm³).
• No organisms.
• Opening pressure 10-20 cm H₂O.

Bacterial meningitis:

• Cloudy and turbid CSF (if severe).
• Raised protein >1.5 g/L.
• Glucose level is <50% of the plasma level.
• Cell count is high (>1,000 per mm³) and mostly neutrophils.
• May see organisms, eg Gram-negative diplococci in Neisseria meningitidis.
• Opening pressure is usually high.

Viral/aseptic meningitis or encephalitis:

• Clear CSF.
• Protein is raised or at the high end of normal.
• Glucose level is usually within normal limits (may be reduced in some cases of mumps and herpes simplex).
• Cell count is high and mostly lymphocytes.
• No organisms usually and PCR or special stains may be needed to identify cause.
• Opening pressure may or may not be raised.

Tuberculous meningitis:

• Clear or slightly cloudy appearance (there may be cobweb-like stranding).
• Raised protein >1.5 g/L (much higher than bacterial meningitis).
• Glucose level is <50% of the plasma level.
• Cell count is high with a mixed pleocytosis and mainly lymphocytes.
• Opening pressure is usually raised but can be high normal.
• Negative PCR may help rule out TB quickly.

Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH):

• Rarely, CSF is continuously blood-stained to the naked eye and, if subsequent analysis reveals an equal number of RBCs in all three samples, this indicates an SAH.
• CSF should be examined for xanthochromia.
• Protein is raised or at the high end of normal.
• Glucose level is usually low.
• High number of RBCs.
• No organisms.
• Opening pressure is usually high if excessive RBCs are present.